Introduction: Illinois became the 21st state in 1818. Illinois was discovered in 1673 by the French and officially settled in 1720. However, there were Native Americans living here hundreds of years before then, so why are they often ignored and more importantly why were they removed from their land. Students will explore this idea as well as look at another oppressed group-- African Americans-- and see how in order to develop to what it is today, Illinoisans may have treated some of their minorities.
Objectives: Content/Knowledge (Head):
Students will be able to compare/contrast the oppression of Native Americans in Illinois to the oppression of African Americans in Illinois.
Process/Skills (Hands):
Students will be able to create a timeline.
Values/Dispositions (Heart):
Students will be able to sympathize with the trauma that Native Americans and African Americans went through.
Standards: State – Illinois Social Science Learning Standards (2016) SS.H.1.6-8.MdC. Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts. SS.H.3.6-8.MdC. Detect possible limitations in the historical record based on evidence collected from different kinds of historical sources. State – Common Core State Standards: Grades 6-12 Literacy in History/Social Studies CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.7 Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts. National – National Council for the Social Studies NCSS II: Time, Continuity, and Change
Central Focus: The central focus of this lesson is the development of Illinois and those who were oppressed during the process. We will specifically be focusing on Native Americans and African Americans.
Academic & Conceptual Foundation: Facts and Concepts:
Illinois became a state in 1818
We are currently on our 4th constitution
The first governor was Ninian Edwards
Illinois used to have almost 20 Native American Tribes
Illinois used to be a slave state
Inquiry, Interpretations, or Analyses
What similarities are there between the oppression between Native Americans and African Americans?
What differences are there between the oppression of Native Americans and African Americans?
Are minorities still oppressed today? How can this be connected?
Arguments or Conclusions:
Although their oppression was very different both Native Americans and African Americans have a history of Oppression throughout Illinois.
Assessment:
Students notes will be checked
Students timelines will count as a more formal assessment of learning which aligns with the objective that students will be able to create a timeline.
Their comparison short response will also be a formal assessment to directly align with the objective of if students will be able to compare/contrast the oppression of Native Americans in Illinois to the oppression of African Americans in Illinois.
Whole-Class Instruction:
Teacher Instruction
I will give a lecture with a powerpoint on the introduction to Illinois.
Resources
Powerpoint (Resource 1)
Fill in the blank notes (Resource 2)
Student Activity
Students will take notes during the powerpoint to help them better understand the lecture. Notes will be taken by hand unless stated by an IEP/504. Students also have the option to use fill in the blank notes if the prefer an outline. Notes will be checked the following day as an informal assessment and will go toward their class participation grade.
Small-Group/Cooperative Learning Instruction:
Teacher Instruction
Students will trace the land that Native Americans once lived on
They will then examine the routes on a timeline of them being forced out of Illinois
In table groups students will discuss Native Americans patterns in Illinois and if they qualify as an oppressed group.
Resources
timeline outlines (see resource 3)
Maps
Student Activity
Students will fill in a timeline showing the evolution/oppression of Native Americans based on the data provided in source 5. They will pick which information they think is the most important but also which information shows change over time. This will teach students how to choose which information is most important. They will put each year in the box in a different color and then that color will appear as a dot on the timeline (see source 4 as an example). They will also have a space to write a description of the event.
Individualized Instruction:
Teacher Instruction
After looking at Native Americans patterns in Illinois as a class we will come up with another group of people in history who were oppressed. This group will end up being African Americans. Students will then examine how African Americans were brought here, that Illinois did have slavery at one point (often overlooked), and that it was a union state. Students will mirror what we did for the Native American timeline with their African American timelines.
Resources
Timeline outline
Data
Student Activities
Students will fill in a timeline showing the evolution of African Americans in America using the data provided (source 6). They will pick which information they think is the most important but also which information shows change over time. Students will put each year in the box in a different color and then that color will appear as a dot on the timeline. They will also have a space to write a description of the event.
They will then compare it to the timeline they made to the evolution/oppression of Native Americans and write a short response.
10,000 BC: Paleo-Indian Era (Stone Age culture) the earliest human inhabitants of America who lived in caves and were Nomadic large-game hunters of animals including the Great Mammoth. 7500 BC: Eastern Woodland Culture of Fisher Hunters begins. Permanent houses and farming 1673: Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) and Louis Joliet (1645-1700) explore Illinois 1680: The Iroquois entered the region to attack the Illinois Confederacy tribes. Many were killed in the conflict. 1712: The First French Fox War (1712–1716) began when Fox, Kickapoo, and Mascouten attacked Fort Pontchartrain 1728: The Second Fox War (1728–1733), the Fox were reduced to 500 by French troops and Indian allies. The Fox tribe join the Sauk Tribe after defeat 1764: Pontiac's Rebellion broke out in the Ohio River Valley. The Ottawa Chief Pontiac (1720-1769) to lead a rebellion of a number of tribes against the British 1800's: Conflict erupts between settlers and Native Indians including the Illinois, Iroquois, Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, Miami, Shawnee, Sauk and Fox tribes throughout the 1800's 1803: Kaskaskia Indians cede nearly all of their lands 1812: Potawatomi Indians massacre at Fort Dearborn 1813: Peoria War was a battle between the U. S. Army, settlers and the Native American tribes of the Potawatomi and the Kickapoo tribes in the Peoria area of Illinois. Their villages were attacked and the tribes left the area. Battles and conflicts resumed in the Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 - see Black Hawk. 1827: Winnebago War (Fever River expedition) against the Winnebago Indians in Illinois 1829: Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi cede lands 1830: Indian Removal Act 1832: Black Hawk War occurred in Northern Illinois, Michigan, Southwestern Wisconsin including the Battle of Bad Axe 1832: Department of Indian Affairs established 1839: Cherokee Indians pass through Illinois on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma 1861: 1861 - 1865: The American Civil War. 1862: U.S. Congress passes Homestead Act opening the Great Plains to settlers 1865: The surrender of Robert E. Lee on April 9 1865 signalled the end of the Confederacy 1887: Dawes General Allotment Act passed by Congress leads to the breakup of the large Indian Reservations and the sale of Indian lands to white settlers 1885: The consolidated Peoria, Kaskaskia, Wea, and Piankashaw numbered only 149 1969: All Indians declared citizens of U.S. 1979: American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed
Source 6 Timeline of African Americans from (and edited) https://www2.illinois.gov/dnrhistoric/Research/Pages/GenPrideAfAm.aspx 1619A Dutch ship with twenty African blacks aboard arrives at Jamestown, Virginia. Captured, sold, and stolen from their native land, these Africans are likely the first permanent involuntary settlers of the black race in what is now the United States of America. 1661Slavery is recognized by statute in Virginia; the slave codes of Virginia are developed to protect "slaves as property" and to protect white society from "an alien and savage race." Though modeled after indentured servitude laws, the codes prohibit any rights for slaves. 1720 Philippe Renault purchases African slaves in Santo Domingo and brings a number of them to the Illinois country to work in his proposed mines. 1732A French census lists 330 African Americans residing in Illinois. 1779 Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable establishes a slave trading post at what is now Chicago. 1800 298 African - Americans are residing in the Illinois country per the U. S. Census of Indiana Territory; 135 are slaves and 163 are free persons of color. 1809 Illinois becomes a separate territory, due partly to the influence of those desiring that Illinois be admitted into the Union as a slave-holding state. 1810 781 African Americans are living in Illinois Territory per the U. S. Census: 168 are slaves and 613 are free persons of color. 1813Territorial legislation prohibits further migration of free Negroes into Illinois and allows indentures. All Negroes in the territory are required to register with the clerk of the court of common pleas of the county in which they reside. 1818 In December, Illinois becomes a state, adopting a constitution which prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude but which permits an indenture system. 1,173 African-Americans are living in the Territory per the Illinois Territorial Census; 847 are servants or slaves and 326 are free persons of color. 18201,512 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the State Census; 668 are slaves; 469 are free persons of color; 375 blacks are enumerated with no designation. 1,374 blacks are living in Illinois per the United States Census; 917 are slaves and 457 are free persons of color. 1822-1824The struggle over legalizing slavery dominates politics in Illinois. 1830 2,384 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the U. S. census; 747 slaves and 1,637 free person of color. 18403,929 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the U. S. census: 331 slaves and 3,598 free persons of color. 1847 The Illinois constitutional convention adopts a proposal (to be submitted separately to the voters) which prohibits migration of free Negroes to Illinois. 1853 The legislature makes it a crime to bring a free Negro into the state. 1857 Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, sues for his freedom in state and federal court. He contends that his residence of twenty years earlier at Fort Armstrong in Rock Island, Illinois, gave him the right to be free. The state and federal courts, and eventually the Supreme Court, reject Scott’s argument. The Dred Scott decision declares that no African American, free or slave, is a "full citizen" and therefore cannot sue; further, the decision states that Congress cannot prohibit slavery in the states and territories. Chief Justice Roger Taney writes in his opinion that black Americans have "no rights which any white man is bound to respect." 1860 7,628 African-Americans are living in Illinois per the 1860 census. 1862 In September, President Abraham Lincoln issues his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that the rebellious states abandon their hostilities or lose their slaves by January 1, 1863. 1865 The Illinois General Assembly repeals the state’s black laws and becomes the first state legislature to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution which abolishes slavery in the United States. 1870 28,762 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1870 Federal Census. 1872 One year after the Great Fire, Chicago mayor Joseph Medill appoints the city’s first black fire company of nine men and the first black police officer. 1874 The Illinois General Assembly passes a law forbidding segregation in public schools. 1876 John W. E. Thomas of Chicago is elected state representative, the first black to hold this office in Illinois. 1878 The earliest black Illinois newspaper of which records are extant, the Conservator, is founded in Chicago (the paper is later published in Springfield). It is edited by Ferdinand Lee Barnett, husband of the anti-lynching activist and publisher, Ida B. Wells-Barnett. 1880 46,368 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1880 Federal Census. 1885 The Illinois General Assembly passes a civil rights act which forbids racial discrimination in restaurants, hotels, theaters, railroads, streetcars and other places of public accommodation and amusement. 1886 Augustine Tolton (1854-1897) of Quincy is ordained the first black Catholic priest in Illinois. 1889 E. H. Wright is the first black appointed to a major state job, a bookkeeper and railroad incorporation clerk in the Office of the Secretary of State. 1890 57,028 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1890 Federal Census. 1891 The first black appointed to Chicago’s law department, Franklin A. Denison, serves for six years under two mayors as assistant prosecuting attorney. 1900 85,078 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1900 Federal Census. 1905 The Chicago Defender, the largest black newspaper in Illinois today is founded by Robert S. Abbott (1870-1940). 1908 Springfield Race Riot (August 14-15) leads to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. 1910 109,049 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1910 Federal Census. 1915 Oscar DePriest is elected the first black alderman in Chicago. 1917 In May and July Illinois National Guard troops are sent to East St. Louis to quell race riots. 1919 Chicago Race Riots (July 27-August 2) are ignited by an incident at a beach where a young black boy drowns; the riot causes, thirty-eight deaths, more than five hundred injuries, and leaves over one thousand residents homeless. 1920s-1930s The "Great Migration" significantly increases the African-American population in Illinois. Restrictive immigration laws which are passed in the 1920s severely diminish the availability of European immigrant laborers in Illinois factories and industries. The 1930 census reflects an 81% increase from 1920 in Illinois’ African-American population. 1920 182,274 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1920 Federal Census. 1930 328,972 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1930 Federal Census. 1933 The Illinois General Assembly passes a law which forbids racial discrimination on state contracts for public works and buildings. 1940 387,446 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1940 Federal Census. 1945The Chicago City Council passes an ordinance which forbids discrimination in employment in Chicago. 1950 645,980 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1950 Federal Census. 1955 Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till, Chicago, visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, is murdered for speaking to a white woman. His mutilated, water-logged body is viewed by nearly 10,000 people after its return to Chicago for burial in September. The NAACP calls Till’s murder a "lynching." 1960 The 1960 Federal Census lists 1,037,470 African-Americans in Illinois. 1970 1,425,674 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1970 Federal Census. 19801,674,467 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1980 Federal Census. 1983 Harold Washington (1922-1987) is elected the first black mayor of Chicago. 1990 1,869,000 African-Americans are residing in Illinois per the 1990 Federal Census. 1997 President Bill Clinton gives a formal apology for involving blacks in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment(1932 - 1972) without their knowledge.